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Methods and Data Sources
The study draws on a panel of 42 jurisdictions observed quarterly between 2019 and 2025.
Where a jurisdiction changed its reporting basis, the earlier series is retained and flagged rather than silently rebased. Two cases required manual reconciliation (Meyer, 2019).
Limitations
Quarterly reporting hides within-quarter variance, so short shocks are smoothed. The panel is also unbalanced after 2023, when three jurisdictions stopped publishing.
